Why Amsterdam Has Three Crosses

If you've ever strolled through the streets of Amsterdam, chances are you've noticed the three iconic Xs — known as Saint Andrew's Crosses — proudly displayed on flags, buildings, street signs, manhole covers, and even trash cans. But what do these three crosses mean, and why are they such a central part of Amsterdam's identity?

The Meaning of the Three Crosses

The three crosses on Amsterdam's coat of arms are called "Saint Andrew’s Crosses" (or "Andreas crosses"). Saint Andrew was a Christian martyr who, according to tradition, was crucified on an X-shaped cross in the 1st century. The three white crosses appear vertically on a black stripe, which is sandwiched between two red stripes. This design has become an iconic symbol of the city.

But while the crosses are associated with Saint Andrew, the exact reason why Amsterdam uses them remains debated. One common theory is that they represent three historical threats to the city:

These were indeed three of the most persistent and devastating dangers Amsterdam faced in its early centuries as a trading port. The use of the Saint Andrew’s Crosses could have symbolized the city's resilience and protection against these calamities.

Historical Origins of the Symbol

The earliest known use of the three crosses dates back to the 15th century. The city’s coat of arms was officially granted by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1489. He added the imperial crown on top of the coat of arms as a token of gratitude for the city's financial support during his conflicts.

The complete coat of arms includes:

Where to See the Three Crosses in Amsterdam

Once you start looking, you'll see the three crosses everywhere. They’re not just on flags or government buildings. You’ll find them on:

The symbol is such an integral part of Amsterdam that it’s been adopted by many locals and even tattooed on the skin of proud Amsterdammers. For travelers, spotting the crosses becomes a fun and meaningful way to engage with the city's identity.

Practical Tip for Tourists

If you’re looking for cool photos, head over to the Blauwbrug (Blue Bridge) , Dam Square , or even the Amsterdam Museum . These locations offer great spots where the emblem is displayed prominently and beautifully.

You can also learn more about Amsterdam’s history and symbols at the Amsterdam City Archives or Het Grachtenhuis (The Canal House Museum). They offer detailed exhibitions on the city’s heritage, including the origin and evolution of its coat of arms.

Fun Fact: Amsterdam’s Flag vs. Other City Flags

Amsterdam’s city flag is considered one of the most recognizable and visually striking flags in the world. It’s simple yet powerful: three white Saint Andrew’s Crosses on a black stripe with red borders. Unlike many other city flags, Amsterdam’s doesn’t use letters or complex imagery — just bold symbols. This minimalism contributes to its iconic and modern feel, which is why it’s frequently used in fashion and art around the city.

Symbolism Beyond the Past

Today, the three crosses continue to serve as a proud symbol of Amsterdam’s identity, resilience, and unity. While the city has long overcome the medieval plagues and frequent fires, it still faces modern challenges — and the symbol remains a reminder of its people’s strength and perseverance through the centuries.

For locals, the symbol is as much about community and pride as it is about history. For visitors, it offers a glimpse into the layered story of a city that has always stood strong.

Summary & FAQ

Why does Amsterdam have three crosses?

The three Saint Andrew’s Crosses are believed to symbolize protection from three major threats: fire, floods, and the plague. They also honor Saint Andrew, a Christian martyr.

Where did the crosses originate?

They first appeared in the 15th century and became part of Amsterdam's official coat of arms, later augmented by the imperial crown of Maximilian I.

Where can I see the crosses in the city?

Everywhere — from trash bins and street signs to bridges and official buildings. It’s part of Amsterdam's daily urban landscape.

Can tourists buy souvenirs with the three crosses?

Yes! You’ll find the symbol on shirts, mugs, tote bags, caps, magnets, and more in shops throughout the city.

Is there a museum that explains more?

Yes, the Amsterdam Museum and the City Archives offer deep insights into the city's visual identity and history.