Why Does Amsterdam Have 3 Crosses?

If you’ve walked through Amsterdam or seen its flag, street poles, or even tattoos, you’ve probably noticed a striking symbol: three white X’s stacked vertically on a black stripe between two red bands. This isn’t random. These three crosses—called the Saint Andrew's Crosses—are deeply embedded in the city’s identity, history, and even marketing. But what do they mean, and why does Amsterdam have three crosses?

The Origins of Amsterdam’s Three Crosses

The three white crosses featured in Amsterdam’s coat of arms and city flag are known as Saint Andrew’s Crosses. Saint Andrew was a Christian martyr who, according to tradition, was crucified on an X-shaped cross in the 1st century AD. The symbol has since been widely used in heraldry throughout Europe, especially in the Middle Ages.

Amsterdam's use of Saint Andrew's Crosses dates back to the early 15th century. The city adopted them into its official coat of arms around 1400, likely inspired by noble or ecclesiastical heraldry of the time. One theory is that the design was derived from the arms of the noble Persijn family, who had historical control over the land where Amsterdam now stands.

What Do the Three Crosses Symbolize?

Though rooted in medieval heraldry, the three crosses have taken on local interpretations. According to popular belief, they represent three dangers that historically threatened the city:

• Fire – Fires were common and devastating in the wooden structures of medieval Amsterdam.
• Floods – As a city below sea level, flooding was a constant threat from the Amstel River and Zuiderzee (now IJsselmeer).
• The Black Death (plague) – Like much of Europe, Amsterdam was hit hard by plagues during the Middle Ages.

Although there is no historical document officially confirming this meaning, it remains one of the most widely accepted explanations among locals and visitors alike.

Where Can You See the 3 Crosses in Amsterdam?

Once you start noticing them, you’ll see the three crosses everywhere in Amsterdam:

• On street poles and benches throughout the city.
• In the city’s flag and official documents.
• On buildings, especially those owned or maintained by the municipality.
• In logos and branding, including the Ajax football club and Amsterdam Marketing campaigns.
• On souvenirs, T-shirts, and tattoos—it’s a local badge of pride!

For first-time visitors, spotting the crosses becomes a kind of game. For repeat travelers or residents, it’s a subtle but ever-present reminder of the city’s deep historical roots and resilience.

Historical Layers: The Coat of Arms

The full coat of arms of Amsterdam includes more than just the three crosses. It also features two golden lions and the Imperial Crown of Austria, which was added in the 15th century when Emperor Maximilian I granted Amsterdam the right to include it as a thank-you for financial support during his wars. This honor was rare and showed Amsterdam’s rising political and economic power in Europe.

So, the next time you see the three crosses, remember they’re not just a stylish graphic—they’re part of a long, storied legacy that includes imperial connections, survival, and civic pride.

Modern Symbolism and Cultural Pride

Today, the three crosses are more than a nod to history—they’re a symbol of identity. The municipality has even used the symbol in its branding with the slogan “XXX. I Amsterdam.” Locals often use the crosses to show pride in their roots, whether on bikes, clothing, or even body art.

In a world full of abstract city logos and slogans, Amsterdam’s symbol remains uniquely historic, meaningful, and instantly recognizable.

Tips for Visitors: Spotting the Crosses Like a Local

Here are some fun and practical ways to connect with the symbol during your visit:

• Take a walking tour that explains the city’s symbols and architecture—many guides include the story of the 3 crosses.
• Visit the Amsterdam Museum or the Stadsarchief (City Archives) to see historic flags and documents bearing the crosses.
• Snap pictures of unusual places the symbol appears—locals love when visitors appreciate the details!
• Look for Amsterdam-branded bikes and souvenirs that feature the 3 crosses—perfect mementos of your trip.

Summary

The three white Saint Andrew’s Crosses that you see all around Amsterdam are a blend of medieval heraldry, local legend, and civic pride. While their exact historical meaning may remain debated, they’re widely seen as representing the city’s battle with fire, floods, and plague. Whether you're a first-time visitor or someone who's walked these canals before, knowing the story behind the symbol adds a new layer of appreciation for the city’s enduring charm.

FAQ

• Are the 3 crosses on Amsterdam's flag religious?
  While they originate from the Christian martyr Saint Andrew, their modern use is mostly secular and symbolic.
• Do other cities use Saint Andrew’s Crosses?
  Yes, Saint Andrew’s Crosses are found in other European flags and coats of arms, but Amsterdam’s vertical three-cross design is unique.
• Is there an official meaning behind the 3 crosses?
  The city has never officially confirmed a single interpretation, but the "fire, flood, and plague" theory is widely accepted.
• Can I buy souvenirs with the crosses?
  Absolutely! T-shirts, mugs, magnets, and even face masks carry the iconic three-X design.